Concern about the risk of aerosol contamination from ultrasonic scaler: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many instruments used in dentistry are rotary, such as handpieces, water syringes, and ultrasonic scalers that produce aerosols. The spray created by these instruments can carry, in addition to water, droplets of saliva, blood, and microorganisms, which can pose a risk of infections for healthcare professionals and patients. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this gained attention. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the evidence of the scope of the aerosol produced by ultrasonic scaler in environmental contamination and the influence of the use of intraoral suction reduction devices. DESIGN: Scientific literature was searched until June 19, 2021 in 6 databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of science, Scopus, Virtual Health Library and Cochrane Library, without restrictions on language or publication date. Studies that evaluated the range of the aerosol produced by ultrasonic scaler during scaling/prophylaxis and the control of environmental contamination generated by it with the use of low (LVE) and high (HVE) volume evacuation systems were included. RESULTS: Of the 1893 potentially relevant articles, 5 of which were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis of 3 RCTs showed that, even at different distances from the patient's oral cavity, there was a significant increase in airborne bacteria in the dental environment with the use of ultrasonic scaler. In contrast, when meta-analysis compared the use of HVE with LVE, there was no significant difference (P = 0.40/CI -0.71[-2.37, 0.95]) for aerosol produced in the environment. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increase in the concentration of bioaerosol in the dental environment during the use of ultrasonic scaler in scaling/prophylaxis, reaching up to 2 m away from the patient's mouth and the use of LVE, HVE or a combination of different devices, can be effective in reducing air contamination in the dental environment, with no important difference between different types of suction devices.

Stress as worsening of the signs and symptoms of the geographic tongue during the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Geographic Tongue (GT) is a benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, which is characterized by the loss of epithelium due to the atrophy of filiform papillae. It usually occurs on the dorsum of the tongue and may extend to its lateral edges. It appears as an erythematous area surrounded by whitish and slightly elevated margins. In most cases, the condition is asymptomatic, although some individuals may report symptoms that include a burning sensation of the tongue. OBJECTIVE: Assess whether there was a change in the clinical aspect of Geographic Tongue (GT) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Thirty-two participants were recruited from Dentistry School Universidade Federal Fluminense. Anamnesis and oral examination were performed to collect medical history. The participants were split into two groups: control group (no GT) n = 20 and test group (with GT) n = 12. In the second step, nine participants from a 12 (75%) of the test group were contacted by phone and answered a questionnaire about changes in the signs and symptoms of GT during the pandemic. The subjects were subdivided into two groups: GT with and without signs and symptoms exacerbation. RESULTS: In the first phase of the research, no statistical difference between control and test groups was observed regarding clinical criteria such as age (p + 0.72), gender (p = 0.24), and systemic diseases (p = 0.58). In the second phase, there was a statistical difference between GT groups with or without symptom exacerbation in terms of age and stress as a factor of the oral symptoms (p = 0.3 and 0.2), respectively. Younger patients showed a worsening of the oral lesions related to GT (p = 0.3) and reported stress during the pandemic (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Younger patients were more susceptible to stress and presented more exacerbation of the oral lesions related to GT.

Peri-implant health after supportive mucositis therapy is associated with increased levels of FGF-2.

This study aimed to analyze Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) levels in the peri-implant crevicular fluid throughout supportive mucositis therapy. Twenty-six participants with Branemark protocol prosthesis were divided into two groups: the control group, characterized by healthy peri-implants, and the mucositis group, presenting a diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis. All participants underwent clinical examination, radiographic analysis, prosthesis removal, and non-invasive peri-implant therapy (mechanical debridement associated with chlorhexidine 0.12%) during a period of 36 days divided into three intervals. Peri-implant crevicular fluid samples were collected at each interval in order to analyze FGF-2 levels by immuno-enzymatic assay. The control and mucositis groups showed difference in keratinized mucosa. The smaller the range of keratinized mucosa the higher susceptibility of peri-implant mucositis. Throughout the treatment intervals, participants were diagnosed in different groups indicating whether or not the non-invasive therapy was able to treat peri-implant mucositis. There was a significant difference of FGF-2 levels between groups, with the higher FGF-2 levels in the control group (p=0.01). After supportive therapy, the mucositis group showed significantly increased FGF-2 levels (p<0.01) compared to initial levels. After 36 days of supportive therapy, there was a reduction of peri-implant mucositis from 70% to 23%. Clinical and laboratory outcomes showed a clear correlation since FGF-2 levels increased after 36 days. It was concluded that the therapy protocol was effective and promoted a regenerative reaction and FGF-2 can be considered a future target for peri-implant mucositis understanding.

PAX7 gene polymorphism in muscular temporomandibular disorders as potentially related to muscle stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of painful and debilitating disorders, involving the masticatory muscles and/or the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Chronic TMD pain can be associated with genetic changes in the key muscle development genes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between polymorphisms in the PAX7 (paired box 7) gene and masticatory myalgia in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a case-control study. Patients with TMD were divided into two groups: (a) presence of muscular TMD (n = 122) and (b) absence of muscular TMD (n = 49). Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva samples from all participants to allow for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms in PAX7 (rs766325 and rs6659735). Over-representation of alleles was tested using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Values of p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Individuals without muscular TMD were less likely to have the PAX7 rs6659735 GG genotype (p = 0.03). No associations were found for PAX7 rs766325. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in PAX7 may influence muscular pathophysiology and individuals with TMD and the rs6659735 homozygous genotype (GG) are seemingly associated with muscular involvement of the disorder. No associations were found in the region rs766325.

Peri-implant health after supportive mucositis therapy is associated with increased levels of FGF-2

Abstract This study aimed to analyze Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) levels in the peri-implant crevicular fluid throughout supportive mucositis therapy. Twenty-six participants with Branemark protocol prosthesis were divided into two groups: the control group, characterized by healthy peri-implants, and the mucositis group, presenting a diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis. All participants underwent clinical examination, radiographic analysis, prosthesis removal, and non-invasive peri-implant therapy (mechanical debridement associated with chlorhexidine 0.12%) during a period of 36 days divided into three intervals. Peri-implant crevicular fluid samples were collected at each interval in order to analyze FGF-2 levels by immuno-enzymatic assay. The control and mucositis groups showed difference in keratinized mucosa. The smaller the range of keratinized mucosa the higher susceptibility of peri-implant mucositis. Throughout the treatment intervals, participants were diagnosed in different groups indicating whether or not the non-invasive therapy was able to treat peri-implant mucositis. There was a significant difference of FGF-2 levels between groups, with the higher FGF-2 levels in the control group (p=0.01). After supportive therapy, the mucositis group showed significantly increased FGF-2 levels (p<0.01) compared to initial levels. After 36 days of supportive therapy, there was a reduction of peri-implant mucositis from 70% to 23%. Clinical and laboratory outcomes showed a clear correlation since FGF-2 levels increased after 36 days. It was concluded that the therapy protocol was effective and promoted a regenerative reaction and FGF-2 can be considered a future target for peri-implant mucositis understanding.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os níveis de FGF-2 no fluido crevicular peri-implantar durante a terapia de suporte da mucosite. Vinte e seis participantes com prótese protocolo Branemark foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo controle, caracterizado por saúde peri-implanter, e o grupo mucosite, apresentando diagnóstico de mucosite peri-implantar. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exame clínico, análise radiográfica, retirada da prótese e terapia não invasiva peri-implantar (debridamento mecânico associado à clorexidina 0,12%) durante um período de 36 dias, dividido em três intervalos. Amostras de fluido crevicular peri-implantar foram coletadas em cada intervalo para análise dos níveis de FGF-2, por ensaio imunoenzimático. Os grupos controle e mucosite não apresentaram diferença nos parâmetros clínicos, exceto para mucosa queratinizada. Ao longo dos intervalos de tratamento, os participantes foram diagnosticados em diferentes grupos, indicando se a terapia não invasiva era ou não capaz de tratar a mucosite peri-implantar. Houve diferença significativa dos níveis de FGF-2 entre os grupos, sendo os níveis de FGF-2 maiores no grupo controle (p = 0.01). Após a terapia de suporte, o grupo com mucosite apresentou níveis de FGF-2 significativamente aumentados (p <0.01) em comparação aos níveis iniciais. Após 36 dias de terapia de suporte, houve redução da mucosite peri-implantar de 70% para 23%. Os resultados clínicos e laboratoriais mostraram uma correlação clara, uma vez que os níveis de FGF-2 aumentaram após 36 dias. O protocolo de terapia foi eficaz e promoveu uma reação regenerativa. O FGF-2 pode ser considerado um alvo futuro para o tratamento da mucosite peri-implantar.

Polymorphisms in COMT, ADRB2 and HTR1A genes are associated with temporomandibular disorders in individuals with other arthralgias.

Objective: To evaluate the association between polymorphisms in genes and comorbid presence of arthralgias and TMD.Methods: This is a case-control study. The groups formed were individuals with chronic arthralgia and 1) myofascial pain (n = 42); 2) articular (n = 16); 3) multiple diagnoses (n = 69); 4) with TMD and without some other arthralgia (n = 16); 5) without TMD but with pain in other joints (n = 82); and 6) a control group (n = 72). SNPs in COMT, ADRB2, and HTR1A genes were investigated.Results: The CT genotype for the COMT (rs9332377) gene was associated with the absence of myofascial pain (p = .05). In the ADRB2 (rs1042713) gene, the AA genotype was associated with the absence of myofascial pain (p = .03).Discussion: This study supports the hypothesis that alterations in the COMT, ADRB2, and HTR1A genes influence the presence of chronic pain and TMD.

Smoking as a Risk Factor for the Development of Periimplant Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors associated with periimplant disease have been exhaustively explored in many studies. However, despite the high incidence of smokers in the general population, it is still unclear whether smoking is a risk factor for the development of periimplant diseases. PURPOSE: The aim of this review was to analyze all pertinent literature, including systematic reviews, clinical trials, and long-term follow-up, to evaluate smoking as a real risk factor for periimplant diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted on MEDLINE through PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine, for articles published until March 2018. All searches were performed using medical subject headings or free-text words. After screening, data extraction, and duplicate removal from 972 found articles, 19 were included in this review. RESULTS: The influence of smoking on the healing process around implants has been explored for potential disruption of the healing process and periimplant disease development. Despite the discussed results in many studies, most of the analyzed literature shows a scientific basis to determine smoking as a risk factor for periimplant disease development, considering that smoking increases the susceptibility to periimplant disease. However, future studies excluding confounding factors need to be performed. CONCLUSION: This review showed that smoking is a real risk factor that increases the likelihood of development of periimplant disease.

Evaluation of the success rates of immediate implant placement in anterior and posterior regions success rates of immediate implant: a retrospective study

Introdution: Immediate implants placement has shown contradictory results inthe posterior region. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the successrate and predictability of the short-term treatment using immediate implants inanterior and posterior regions. Methods: A total of 1000 dental charts wereanalyzed, of which 43 were included in the study: anterior (n=20) and posterior(n=23). The inclusion criteria were: tooth extraction indication, immediate single-tooth implant placement and at least twelve months of follow-up with functionalimplant. The success rates were based on the criteria I. and II. from the healthscale for dental implants proposed at the International Congress of Oral ImplantDentistry: no pain; no mobility, until 4 mm of bone loss, no exudate. P-value <0.05was considered significant. Results: The total success rate of immediate implantswas 97.7% for immediate implants in function for at least 12 months. The use ofbiomaterial (p=0.03) and temporary prosthesis (p<0.0001) were significantly higherin the anterior group. There was no significant difference in implant failure betweengroups (p=0.47). There was no statistical difference between the groups, consideringage, sex, extraction reason, initial torque immediately following implantplacement, treatment time and implant platform type (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Itmay be concluded that the anterior and posterior regions present a high short-term success rate when the immediate implant technique was used.

Introdução: A utilização de implante imediato em regiões posteriores temapresentado resultados contraditórios. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foicomparar o índice de sucesso e previsibilidade à curto prazo de implantes imediatosinstalados em regiões anterior e posterior. Métodos: Um total de 1000 prontuáriosforam analisados, dos quais 43 foram incluídos neste estudo: Anterior (n=20) eposterior (n=23). Os critérios de inclusão foram: Indicação de extração dentária,instalação de implantes imediatos unitários, no mínimo doze meses de segmentocom implante funcional. Os critérios de sucesso foram baseados na escala desaúde dos implantes dentários do Congresso Internacional de Implantologia Oral,eixo I. e II.: ausência de dor, ausência de mobilidade, ausência de exudato e perdaóssea de até 4 mm. Valor de p<0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.Resultados: O índice de sucesso dos implantes imediatos foi de 97,7% paraimplantes em função por pelo menos 12 meses. O uso de biomaterial (p=0,03) eprótese provisória (p<0,0001) foi significantemente maior em região anterior.Não foi encontrado diferença significante quanto a falha dos implantescomparando os dois grupos (p=0,47). Não houve diferença estatisticamentesignificante entre os grupos, considerando a idade, gênero, motivo da extração,torque inicial, tempo de tratamento e tipo de plataforma do implante (p>0,05).Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que as regiões anterior e posterior apresentaramalta taxa de sucesso a curto prazo quanto a técnica de implante imediato.

Chronic Periodontitis and RANKL/OPG Ratio in Peri-Implant Mucosae Inflammation

Abstract tHistory of chronic periodontitis (CP) is a risk factor for oseointegration failure. The osteoclastogenesis system (RANK, RANKL and OPG) is critical for bone homeostatic control. We investigated the levels of OPG and RANKL in peri-implant tissues from volunteers with and without a history of CP and their association with mucosae inflammation. This is a single-blind case-contro study. Diagnosis of a history of CP and peri-implant examination was performed on 46 volunteers, divided into control (without history of CP, n=26) and CP group (with history of CP, n=20). Gingival biopsies were harvested during implant exposure. Quantitative PCR evaluated OPG/RANKL mRNA expressions. OPG and RANKL proteins were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemistry assay. The chi-square test analyzed the significance of nominal variables between groups while continuous variables were analyzed by T-test or Mann-Whitney test, after Shapiro-Wilk test evaluation. The 2-ΔΔCT Livak method calculation evaluated the gene expression. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Volunteers with CP history had 23 times higher chance of developing mucosae inflammation. High mucosae levels of RANKL (p=0.04) and RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) mRNA expressions were observed in CP group. CP volunteers showed increased RANKL protein levels in opposition to decreased OPG expression. Even without active periodontitis, volunteers with a history of CP had elevated gingival levels of RANKL/OPG and higher correlation with peri-implant mucosae inflammation and implant loss.

Resumo A história de periodontite crônica (CP) é um fator de risco para falhas na osseointegração. O sistema de osteoclastogênese (RANK, RANKL e OPG) é crucial para o controle da homeostase óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os níveis de OPG e RANKL no tecido peri-implantar de voluntários com e sem histórico de CP e sua associação com inflamação da mucosa. Este é um estudo tipo caso-controle. O exame para diagnóstico de CP e na região peri-implantar foi realizado em 46 voluntários, divididos em controle (sem história CP, n=26) e grupo CP (com histórico de CP, n=20). Descartes gengivais foram obtidos durante a exposição do implante. PCR quantitativo avaliou a expressão do RNAm de OPG/RANKL. As proteínas OPG e RANKL foram analisadas por western blot e imunohistoquímica. O teste do qui-quadrado analisou a significância entre as variáveis nominais enquanto as variáveis contínuas foram analisadas pelo teste-t e Mann-Whitney, após o teste de Shapiro-wilk. O método do Livak 2--ΔΔCT avaliou a expressão gênica. Os voluntários com CP apresentaram 23 vezes mais chances de desenvolver inflamação da mucosa. Expressão elevada no RNAm de RANKL (p=0.04) e RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) foram observadas no grupo CP. Voluntários com CP mostraram aumento dos níveis da proteína RANKL em contraste com diminuída expressão de OPG. Mesmo sem periodontite ativa, voluntários com histórico de CP apresentaram elevado nível gengival de RANKL/OPG e alta correlação com inflamação peri-implantar e perda do implante.

Association Between Polymorphisms in the Genes of Estrogen Receptors and the Presence of Temporomandibular Disorders and Chronic Arthralgia.

PURPOSE: The high prevalence of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in women suggests that estrogen and its receptors play a fundamental etiologic role in the development of this joint pathology through complex action mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between polymorphisms in the ESR1 (estrogen receptor-1) and ESRRB (estrogen-related receptor-ß) genes and the risk of simultaneous development of TMDs and pain in other joints in the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All participants were clinically evaluated for the presence of TMD (Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD) and asked about the presence of chronic joint pain. The control group consisted of 72 patients without TMD and without pain. Participants with arthralgia were divided into 3 groups: with muscular TMD (n = 42), with articular TMD (n = 16), and without TMD and with systemic arthralgia (n = 82). Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ESR1 (rs12154178, rs1884051, rs2273206, rs7774230) and ESRRB (rs1676303, rs4903399, rs10132091, rs7151924) genes were investigated. The χ2 test and Student t and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess the relevance of nominal and continuous variables, respectively. A P value less than .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The TT (timin/timin) genotype for the ESR1 (rs2273206) gene was strongly associated with the risk of developing muscle TMDs and temporomandibular joint pain (P = .04). For the ESRRB (rs1676303) gene, an association was observed between the CC (cytosine/cytosine) genotype and the presence of articular TMDs associated with other chronic arthralgia (P = .02). These results were confirmed by the increased risk of developing articular TMDs associated with the C allele (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the hypothesis that changes in the ESR1 and ESRRB genes influence the presence of TMDs associated with chronic joint pain.

Chronic Periodontitis and RANKL/OPG Ratio in Peri-Implant Mucosae Inflammation.

tHistory of chronic periodontitis (CP) is a risk factor for oseointegration failure. The osteoclastogenesis system (RANK, RANKL and OPG) is critical for bone homeostatic control. We investigated the levels of OPG and RANKL in peri-implant tissues from volunteers with and without a history of CP and their association with mucosae inflammation. This is a single-blind case-contro study. Diagnosis of a history of CP and peri-implant examination was performed on 46 volunteers, divided into control (without history of CP, n=26) and CP group (with history of CP, n=20). Gingival biopsies were harvested during implant exposure. Quantitative PCR evaluated OPG/RANKL mRNA expressions. OPG and RANKL proteins were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemistry assay. The chi-square test analyzed the significance of nominal variables between groups while continuous variables were analyzed by T-test or Mann-Whitney test, after Shapiro-Wilk test evaluation. The 2-ΔΔCT Livak method calculation evaluated the gene expression. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Volunteers with CP history had 23 times higher chance of developing mucosae inflammation. High mucosae levels of RANKL (p=0.04) and RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) mRNA expressions were observed in CP group. CP volunteers showed increased RANKL protein levels in opposition to decreased OPG expression. Even without active periodontitis, volunteers with a history of CP had elevated gingival levels of RANKL/OPG and higher correlation with peri-implant mucosae inflammation and implant loss.

Alveolar Bone Graft: Clinical Profile and Risk Factors for Complications in Oral Cleft Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate clinical aspects and predisposing factors for alveolar bone graft complications in persons born with oral clefts. DESIGN: A total of 105 patients, aged 7 to 57 years old, who received alveolar bone graft at the Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery Center in the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) from 2009 to 2014 were selected. Data were collected concerning the type of oral cleft, family history of cleft, medical and dental exam, donor area, type of graft material, repaired surgical treatment done, and postoperative follow-up examinations. RESULTS: Postoperative complications developed in 31 patients (32.9%). The mean age at grafting was 16.79 years for the group without complications (n = 63) and 20.13 years for the group with postoperative complications (n = 31). There was a positive association between age and type of graft and cases with alveolar bone graft complications. Patients aged 12 years or more had a four times more chance of developing alveolar bone graft complications. Particulate bone graft from iliac crest demonstrated better results compared with block graft or mixed graft. CONCLUSION: Patients with cleft lip and palate who were 12 years or older had a greater chance of developing complications after grafting the alveolar bone. Furthermore, particulate alveolar graft from iliac crest had significantly better outcomes.

Haplotypes in BMP4 and FGF Genes Increase the Risk of Peri-Implantitis.

Despite the success of osseointegrated implants, failures have increased significantly, associated with development of peri-implantitis. Multiple factors influence the peri-implant bone loss, including environmental and genetic causes. BMPs (Bone morphogenetic proteins) are growth factors that induce bone formation. FGF (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play important roles by controlling the levels of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. BMP/FGF relationship is responsible for promoting bone regeneration and bone loss. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 and FGFR1 genes and peri-implant bone loss. Two hundred and fifteen volunteers, with 754 dental implants, were submitted to oral examination and divided in healthy group (n=129) and peri-implantitis group (n=86). Thirteen polymorphisms in BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 and FGFR1 genes were analyzed individually and in haplotype. The chi-square test correlated genotypes, allelic and haplotype frequencies. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Volunteers with peri-implantitis demonstrated high incidence of total edentulism (p<0.0001) and thin peri-implant phenotype (p<0.04). Higher incidence of spontaneous bleeding, plaque and implant mobility was observed in peri-implantitis group (p<0.0001 for all). The TT polymorphic genotype for BMP4 rs2761884 was associated with healthy peri-implant (p=0.01). FGF3 rs4631909 (TT+CT genotype) also showed association with the control group (p=0.04). The frequency of C allele for FGF3 rs4631909 showed a tendency for association with peri-implantitis (p=0.08). FGF10 CCTG (p=0.03), BMP4 GAAA (p=0.05) and GGGA (p=0.02) haplotypes were associated with peri-implantitis (p=0.03). Therefore, it may be concluded that BMP4 and FGF10 haplotypes are associated with peri-implantitis.

Haplotypes in BMP4 and FGF Genes Increase the Risk of Peri-Implantitis

Abstract Despite the success of osseointegrated implants, failures have increased significantly, associated with development of peri-implantitis. Multiple factors influence the peri-implant bone loss, including environmental and genetic causes. BMPs (Bone morphogenetic proteins) are growth factors that induce bone formation. FGF (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play important roles by controlling the levels of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. BMP/FGF relationship is responsible for promoting bone regeneration and bone loss. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 and FGFR1 genes and peri-implant bone loss. Two hundred and fifteen volunteers, with 754 dental implants, were submitted to oral examination and divided in healthy group (n=129) and peri-implantitis group (n=86). Thirteen polymorphisms in BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 and FGFR1 genes were analyzed individually and in haplotype. The chi-square test correlated genotypes, allelic and haplotype frequencies. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Volunteers with peri-implantitis demonstrated high incidence of total edentulism (p<0.0001) and thin peri-implant phenotype (p<0.04). Higher incidence of spontaneous bleeding, plaque and implant mobility was observed in peri-implantitis group (p<0.0001 for all). The TT polymorphic genotype for BMP4 rs2761884 was associated with healthy peri-implant (p=0.01). FGF3 rs4631909 (TT+CT genotype) also showed association with the control group (p=0.04). The frequency of C allele for FGF3 rs4631909 showed a tendency for association with peri-implantitis (p=0.08). FGF10 CCTG (p=0.03), BMP4 GAAA (p=0.05) and GGGA (p=0.02) haplotypes were associated with peri-implantitis (p=0.03). Therefore, it may be concluded that BMP4 and FGF10 haplotypes are associated with peri-implantitis.

Resumo Apesar do alto índice de sucesso em implantodontia, falhas tem aumentado drasticamente, estando associadas ao desenvolvimento de peri-implantite. A perda óssea peri-implantar é influenciada por múltiplos fatores, incluindo causas genéticas e ambientais. As BMPs (proteínas ósseas morfogenéticas) são fatores de crescimento indutores da formação óssea. Os FGFs (fatores de crescimento dos fibroblastos) e seus receptores (FGFRs) desenvolvem importante função na proliferação, diferenciação e migração celular. A relação BMP/FGF é responsável pela regeneração e perda óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a possível correlação entre os genes BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 e FGFR1 e a perda óssea peri-implantar. Duzentos e quinze voluntários, com 754 implantes, foram submetidos ao exame oral e divididos em grupo saúde (n=129) e peri-implantite (n=86). Treze polimorfismos nos genes BMP4, FGF3, FGF10 e FGFR1 foram analisados individualmente e como haplótipos. O teste do qui-quadrado correlacionou as frequências dos genótipos, alelos e haplótipos. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Voluntários com peri-implantite mostraram alta incidência de edentulismo total (p<0,0001) e biotipo periodontal fino (p<0,04). Sangramento espontâneo, placa e mobilidade do implante foram altamente incidentes no grupo peri-implantite (p<0,0001). O genótipo polimórfico TT para BMP4 rs2761884 foi associado com saúde peri-implantar (p=0,01). FGF3 rs4631909 (genótipos TT+CT) mostraram associação com o grupo controle (p=0,04). A frequência do alelo C para FGF3 rs4631909 mostrou uma tendência de associação com peri-implantite (p=0,08). Os haplótipos FGF10 CCTG (p=0,03), BMP4 GAAA (p=0,05) e GGGA (p=0,02) foram associados com peri-implantite (p=0,03). Sendo assim, conclui-se que os haplótipos BMP4 e FGF10 estão associados com peri-implantite.

MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 Gene Polymorphisms in Brazilian Chronic Periodontitis and Periimplantitis Subjects.

Subjects susceptible to chronic periodontitis (CP) show a high risk for the development of periimplantitis (PI). Both diseases are multifactorial, presenting similarities in their pathophysiology and polygenic profile. MMP-13 (matrix metalloproteinases 13/ collagenase 3) is a collagenolytic enzyme, which expression is induced by TGF beta 3 (transforming growth factor type 3) in human gingival fibroblasts and inhibited by TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 2). The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of periimplantitis (PI) in subjects with history of chronic periodontitis (CP) and polymorphisms frequency in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes. One hundred and sixty-three volunteers received dental implant placement were submitted to oral and radiographic examination in order to identify past history of CP or presence of PI. Volunteers were divided into 4 groups: Control (without PI and CP, n=72), CP (with CP and without PI, n=28), PI (with PI and without CP, n=28) and diseased (with CP and PI, n=35). The chi-square test correlated genotypes in specific regions of MMP13 (rs2252070), TIMP2 (rs7501477) and TGFB3 (rs2268626) genes, considering the interaction between CP and PI. The results showed that volunteers with CP had 3.2 times more susceptibility to develop PI (p=0.0004) compared to those without CP. No significant association was observed in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes with CP or PI. CP is a risk factor to develop PI, however, there is no association of both diseases with polymorphisms in the MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes.

MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 Gene Polymorphisms in Brazilian Chronic Periodontitis and Periimplantitis Subjects

Abstract Subjects susceptible to chronic periodontitis (CP) show a high risk for the development of peiimplantitis (PI). Both diseases are multifactorial, presenting similarities in their pathophysiology and polygenic profile. MMP-13 (matrix metalloproteinases 13/ collagenase 3) is a collagenolytic enzyme, which expression is induced by TGF beta 3 (transforming growth factor type 3) in human gingival fibroblasts and inhibited by TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 2). The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of peiimplantitis (PI) in subjects with history of chronic periodontitis (CP) and polymorphisms frequency in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes. One hundred and sixty-three volunteers received dental implant placement were submitted to oral and radiographic examination in order to identify past history of CP or presence of PI. Volunteers were divided into 4 groups: Control (without PI and CP, n=72), CP (with CP and without PI, n=28), PI (with PI and without CP, n=28) and diseased (with CP and PI, n=35). The chi-square test correlated genotypes in specific regions of MMP13 (rs2252070), TIMP2 (rs7501477) and TGFB3 (rs2268626) genes, considering the interaction between CP and PI. The results showed that volunteers with CP had 3.2 times more susceptibility to develop PI (p=0.0004) compared to those without CP. No significant association was observed in MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes with CP or PI. CP is a risk factor to develop PI, however, there is no association of both diseases with polymorphisms in the MMP13, TIMP2 and TGFB3 genes.

Resumo Indivíduos susceptíveis à periodontite crônica (CP) apresentam alto risco para o desenvolvimento de periimplantite (PI). Ambas doenças são multifatoriais e apresentam similaridades na patofisiologia e perfil poligênico. A MMP-13 (metaloproteinase da matriz tipo 13) é uma enzima colagenolítica cuja expressão é induzida por TGF beta 3 (fator transformador do crescimento tipo 3) nos fibroblastos gengivais humanos e inibida por TIMP-2 (inibidor tecidual de metaloproteinase tipo 2). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de periimplantite em sujeitos com periodontite crônica e a frequência dos polimorfismos nos genes MMP13, TIMP2 e TGFB3. Cento e sessenta e três voluntários submetidos à instalação de implantes endósseos foram analisados clínica e radiograficamente quanto à presença de histórico de CP e PI, sendo divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (sem história de CP e PI, n=72), CP (com CP e sem PI, n=28), PI (com PI e sem CP, n=28) e Doentes (com CP e PI, n=35). O teste do qui-quadrado correlacionou os genótipos nas regiões dos genes MMP13 (rs2252070), TIMP2 (rs7501477) e TGFB3 (rs2268626), considerando a interação entre CP e PI. Os resultados mostraram que voluntários com CP possuem 3.2 vezes mais chances de desenvolver PI (p=0.0004) comparados aos sem CP. Nenhuma associação significativa foi observada entre os genes MMP13, TIMP2 e TGFB3 e CP ou PI. A CP é um fator de risco ao desenvolvimento de PI, no entanto, não há associação entre ambas as doenças com polimorfismos nos genes MMP13, TIMP2 e TGFB3.

Mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow treated with bovine tendon extract acquire the phenotype of mature tenocytes.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated in vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from bone marrow, in tenocytes after treatment with bovine tendon extract. METHODS: Bovine tendons were used for preparation of the extract and were stored at -80 °C. Mesenchymal stromal cells from the bone marrow of three donors were used for cytotoxicity tests by means of MTT and cell differentiation by means of qPCR. RESULTS: The data showed that mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow treated for up to 21 days in the presence of bovine tendon extract diluted at diminishing concentrations (1:10, 1:50 and 1:250) promoted activation of biglycan, collagen type I and fibromodulin expression. CONCLUSION: Our results show that bovine tendon extract is capable of promoting differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in tenocytes.

OBJETIVO: O estudo avalia a diferenciação in vitro das células mesenquimais isoladas do estroma da medula óssea em tenócitos após tratamento com extrato de tendão bovino. MÉTODOS: Tendões bovinos foram usados para confecção do extrato e estocados a −80 °C. Células mesenquimais do estroma da medula óssea (BMSCs) de três doadores foram usadas para os testes de citotoxicidade por MTT e diferenciação celular por qPCR. RESULTADOS: Os dados mostram que células mesenquimais do estroma da medula óssea tratadas por até 21 dias em presença do extrato de tendão bovino diluído em concentrações crescentes (1:10, 1:50 e 1:250) promovem a ativação da expressão de biglican, colágeno tipo I e fibromodulina. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados mostram que o extrato de tendão bovino é capaz de promover a diferenciação das BMSCs em tenócitos.

Results of the use of peek cages in the treatment of basilar invagination by Goel technique / Resultados do uso de cage em peek no tratamento da invaginação basilar pela técnica de Goel / Resultados de la utilización de caja de peek en el tratamiento de la invaginación basilar por la técnica de Goel

ABSTRACT Objective: Analysis of the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages for atlantoaxial facet realignment and distraction for treatment of basilar invagination by Goel technique. Method: Retrospective descriptive statistical analysis of the neurological status, pain, presence of subsidence and bone fusion with the use of PEEK cages in 8 atlantoaxial joints of 4 patients with basilar invagination. All patients were treated with atlantoaxial facet distraction and realignment and subsequent arthrodesis C1-C2 by the technique of Goel modified by the use of PEEK cage. Results: All patients showed improvement in Nurick neurological assessment scale and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain. There were no cases of subsidence, migration, or damage to the vertebral artery during the insertion of the cage. All joints evolved with bone fusion, assessed by dynamic radiographs, and computed tomography. Two patients developed neuropathic pain in dermatome of C2 and one patient had unilateral vertebral artery injury during C2 instrumentation treated with insertion of pedicle screw to control the bleeding. Conclusion: The results of the treatment of basilar invagination by the Goel technique with the use of PEEK cages shown to be effective and safe although further studies are needed to confirm this use.

RESUMO Objetivo: Análise do uso do implante tipo cage em poli-éter-éter-cetona (PEEK) no realinhamento e distração facetária atlantoaxial da invaginação basilar pela técnica de Goel. Método: Análise estatística descritiva retrospectiva de estado neurológico, dor, presença de fusão óssea e subsidência com o uso do cage em PEEK em 8 articulações atlantoaxiais de 4 pacientes portadores de invaginação basilar, todos tratados com distração, realinhamento atlantoaxial e artrodese posterior C1-C2 pela técnica de Goel, modificada pela utilização do cage em PEEK. Resultados: Todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora na escala de avaliação neurológica de Nurick e na Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) de dor. Não ocorreu caso de subsidência, migração ou dano à artéria vertebral decorrente da colocação do cage. Cem por cento das articulações evoluíram com fusão óssea, avaliada por radiografia dinâmica e tomografia computadorizada. Dois pacientes evoluíram com dor neuropática no dermátomo de C2 e em um paciente houve lesão unilateral da artéria vertebral durante a instrumentação de C2, tratada com inserção do parafuso pedicular para controle do sangramento. Conclusão: Os resultados da redução vertical da invaginação basilar pela técnica de Goel com a utilização de cage em PEEK mostrou ser eficaz e segura, porém ainda são necessários estudos para confirmar essa utilização.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Análisis del uso del implante tipo caja en poli-éter-éter-cetona (PEEK) en el realineamiento y distracción facetaria atlantoaxial de la invaginación basilar por la técnica de Goel. Métodos: Fue realizado un análisis estadístico descriptivo retrospectivo del status neurológico, dolor, presencia de fusión ósea y hundimiento con el uso de la caja en PEEK en 8 articulaciones atlantoaxiales de 4 pacientes que presentaban invaginación basilar, todos tratados con distracción y realineamiento atlantoaxial y artrodesis posterior C1-C2 mediante la técnica de Goel. Resultados: Todos los pacientes presentaron mejoría en la escala de evaluación neurológica de Nurick y en la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) del dolor. No hubo casos de hundimiento, migración o daño a la arteria vertebral debido a la colocación del implante. El 100% de las articulaciones evolucionaron con fusión ósea evaluada por radiografía dinámica y tomografía computarizada. Dos pacientes evolucionaron con dolor neuropático en el dermatomo de C2, y en un paciente hubo lesión unilateral de la arteria vertebral durante la instrumentación de C2, tratada con inserción de un tornillo pedicular para control del sangrado. Conclusión: Los resultados de la reducción vertical de la invaginación basilar por la técnica de Goel con el uso de caja en PEEK han demostrado ser eficaz y segura pero se necesitan más estudios para confirmar este uso.

Mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow treated with bovine tendon extract acquire the phenotype of mature tenocytes / Células mesenquimais do estroma da medula óssea tratadas com extrato de tendão bovino adquirem o fenótipo de tenócitos maduros

This study evaluated in vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from bone marrow, in tenocytes after treatment with bovine tendon extract. METHODS: Bovine tendons were used for preparation of the extract and were stored at -80 °C. Mesenchymal stromal cells from the bone marrow of three donors were used for cytotoxicity tests by means of MTT and cell differentiation by means of qPCR. RESULTS: The data showed that mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow treated for up to 21 days in the presence of bovine tendon extract diluted at diminishing concentrations (1:10, 1:50 and 1:250) promoted activation of biglycan, collagen type I and fibromodulin expression. CONCLUSION: Our results show that bovine tendon extract is capable of promoting differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in tenocytes.

O estudo avalia a diferenciação in vitro das células mesenquimais isoladas do estroma da medula óssea em tenócitos após tratamento com extrato de tendão bovino. MÉTODOS: Tendões bovinos foram usados para confecção do extrato e estocados a -80 °C. Células mesenquimais do estroma da medula óssea (BMSCs) de três doadores foram usadas para os testes de citotoxicidade por MTT e diferenciação celular por qPCR. RESULTADOS: Os dados mostram que células mesenquimais do estroma da medula óssea tratadas por até 21 dias em presença do extrato de tendão bovino diluído em concentrações crescentes (1:10, 1:50 e 1:250) promovem a ativação da expressão de biglican, colágeno tipo I e fibromodulina. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados mostram que o extrato de tendão bovino é capaz de promover a diferenciação das BMSCs em tenócitos.

Enxertos ósseos alveolares na fissura labiopalatina: protocolos atuais e perspectivas futuras / Alveolar bone graft in cleft lip and palate: current protocols and future prospects

A fissura labiopalatina é a malformação congênita mais comum do ser humano, envolvendo a face e a cavidade bucal. Uma das fases do tratamento reabilitador consiste, na maioria dos casos, na movimentação dentária no local onde há ausência de suporte ósseo. Isso só é possível com a realização do enxerto ósseo alveolar na região da fissura, objetivando-se o suporte e reconstrução do arco dentário e o fechamento de fístula nasal. O enxerto realizado na época de dentição mista, antes da irrupção do canino permanente, é considerado um procedimento fundamental e quando retirado da crista ilíaca do próprio paciente tem as vantagens de um material autógeno cuja incorporação é favorecida. Entretanto, pesquisas têm sugerido o uso de proteína morfogenética óssea recombinante humana para enxertia em pacientes fissurados. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar a literatura atual sobre enxertos ósseos alveolares e discorrer sobre as perspectivas futuras diante de novos materiais disponíveis

Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital malformation of the human involving the face and oralcavity. A rehabilitation stage of treatment consists, in most cases, the tooth movement in the location where there is no bone support. This is only possible with the completion of alveolar bone grafting in the cleft region, aiming to support and reconstruction of the arch and the nasal fistula closure. Bone graft performed in mixed dentition prior to permanent canine eruption is considered a key procedure and when taken from the iliac crest of the patient has the advantages of autogenously material whose incorporation is favored. However, research has suggested the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein for grafting onto cleft. The aim of this article is to review the current literature on alveolar bone grafts and discuss future prospects ahead to new materials available